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If you do want to use an <a> tag, then play around with padding on the anchor tag for that little bit of text that you do have. The padding area is completely clickable, so this can expand the "hotspot" to fill (or nearly fill) the table cell.
Also, try giving the <a> tags a display:block rule. This way you can define a width and height for the anchor tag that fills (or nearly fills) the entire cell
A different approach uses javascript on the <td> element, giving it an onclick action - onmouseover as well, if you want to simulate a hover behavior. The plus side here is that the entire cell becomes clickable, no little "dead zones" around the edges. The downsite is that you are using javascript (may be turned off) and search engines will not see these clickable cells as ture links.