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As of right now, subcomponent A attracts most of my site traffic. I rank extremely well on extremely competitive keyphrases for component A and all of my incoming backlinks are keyworded for component A.
However, after a recent PR increase, it appears some of the others, mainly subcomponents B, C and D are also getting a steady flow of traffic to their respective direct pages.
While A, B, C and D all fall under the blanket industry of XYZ (and all are mentioned on big authority websites on XYZ), B, C and D are not on the "exact" same topics, even though B and C are closely related, with D still being related, although not as closely.
Anyway, I feel if I could get some direct outside backlinks to B,C and D, they would be able to move even higher in the SERP's. Right now all their backlinks are from within my own domain. However, my concern is that if I use keywords specific for B, C and D when getting their backlinks, that it may affect what google thinks my main page is about. Does that make sense?
So, I guess my question is... does each page stand alone? If I have backlinks coming into subcomponent B's page that are linked with kw1 kw2 kw3, will it affect the solidarity of the backlinks coming into my main page with keywords kw4 kw5 kw6? I don't want to do anything to affect my current rank of my main page, but would like to try and take more advantage of the subpages. Thanks. Hopefully someone understands what I am trying to say, LOL :).
As long as the home page has lots of links that support its topic, you should be okay with different target terms (with correspondingly different links) for internal pages.
That's my experience with Google ... I can't say about other search engines, though.