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>how can the engines work?
The engines' method of displaying search results is based on that engine's algorithm of how they analyze a page to determine for which keyword searches it will be relevant and therefore returned in the results page shown.
>do they use a phrase dictionary to index the pages?
They use the content on your pages, some of the phrases come directly fom the pages they have indexed. In more advanced algorithms routines make associations between the page content, the overall content of multiple pages at the same site, links from sites that link to you, alternate meanings for keyphrases on your pages, and even context meanings, the list goes on and on, suffice it to say,the exact way the engines do this is not disclosed, it is a closely guarded secret by each engine.
>do someone know about such an dictioanry to extract the keyphrase?
You might be thinking about this in reverse. There isn't a finite set of keyword phrases to which the engines match sites, it is the reverse. A finite set of sites is returned based on a search phrase invented by the surfer.