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Obviously there are some differences (the HTML wrapper) but the content was the same as some other site and that probably triggered Google to decide not to list these pages of duplicate content again.
What level of originality is needed to get into the SERPs, I don't know.
There are lots of other things going on that might have caused your site to get dropped -- are you sure this is the cause? We had a site that was almost completely untouched for several months and wham, it got whacked in the latest update. We're not sure why (perhaps cross-linking?), but it's certainly not duplicate content, and it's gone. Are there other possibilities for the elimination?