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What's the simplest way to do this? I want to just use the URL, like http://example.com/index.php to write a one-line ASP file.
What you're wanting to do is crazy. It'll slow the site down something chronic (the user requests a document from the IIS server, rather than returning the document, the IIS server then has to request the document from your PHP adding an esctra unnecessary download to the equation).
You're doubling the chance of failure. If either of the servers fails then the site will go down.
There's absolutely no good reason to do what you're proposing.
Why not just confess to them that you don't know anything about IIS? Just tell them you can do the site on PHP with your own server. Then just change the DNS to point to your PHP server.
Easy_Coder, I have no idea what you're referring to by "web service", sorry.
Won't scale? I don't expect high traffic anyways, considering the audience and publication frequency.
Is there some example code to include data from arbitrary web sources?
You simply need to change the DNS to point to your PHP server.
If your client doesn't want to do this, then you can sure as hell be sure they don't want you making HTTP requests across the Internet from your server either.