For a search campaign ad, the factors are known to you already.
A keyword-targeted ad's position on a content page is based on the ad group's content bid and Quality Score.
Ad Rank = content bid X Quality Score
The Quality Score related to Ad Rank on the content network is determined by:
* The ad's past performance on the site in question, as well as on similar sites
* Your landing page quality
* Other relevance factors
Google puts many other factors into lets say a "black box" and calls it "other relevance factors" I am positive that except for the guy who came up with the algo for the Q.S, and may be a few others in google, no one else knows all the "other relevance factors". Its mostly guess work and results from experimentation that we can know what they can be.