On some queries, you can make a good guess based on what is highlighted in a dynamic insertion ad.
However, as someone can have a large variety of keywords and a budget that doesn't have their ads showing all the time, just because they show up for some search and not for others really doesn't tell you much about their matching options.
There are some software packages that label the keywords with specific parameters so the tracking program knows if it's a phrase, exact, or broad match. In these instances an examination of the destination URL parameters could tell you what matching options that particular search is pulling from an account.